Raphael Gruener, PhD
Professor Emeritus, Physiology
Research Interests
Membrane physiology of neurons and muscle cells in culture; Space Biology of Neuromuscular synapse formation; Pathophysiology of nerve-muscle membrane & synapse diseases
Degree(s)
- 1961 BSc Cellular Physiology - University of California Berkeley
- 1963 MSc University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Biophysics
- 1966 PhD University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Physiology/Biophysics
- 1967 Post-Doctoral University College London
- 1968 Post-Doctoral Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Publication Highlights